Bibliography & Historical References
Treaty Guide Bibliography
Beaton, Ryan. "The Crown Fiduciary Duty at the Supreme Court of Canada: Reaching across Nations, or Held within the Grip of the Crown?: Paper No.6." Canada in International Law at 150 and Beyond. Waterloo: Centre for International Governance Innovation, 2018.
Binnema, Theodore, and Kevin Hutchings. "The Emigrant and the Noble Savage: Sir Francis Bond Head's Romantic Approach to Aboriginal Policy in Upper Canada, 1836-1838." Journal of Canadian Studies 39, no. 1 (2005): 115--37.
Birch, Jennifer. "Coalescent Communities: Settlement Aggregation and Social Integration in Iroquoian Ontario." American Antiquity 77, no. 4 (2012): 646--70.
Blackstock, Michael D. "The Aborigines Report (1837): A Case Study in the Slow Change of Colonial Social Relations." Canadian Journal of Native Studies 20 (2000): 67--94.
Bohaker, Heidi. Doodem and Council Fire: Anishinaabe Governance through Alliance. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020.
Borrows, John, and Michael Coyle, eds. The Right Relationship: Reimagining the Implementation of Historical Treaties. Toronto ; Buffalo ; London: University of Toronto Press, 2017.
"Wampum at Niagara: The Royal Proclamation, Canadian Legal History and Self-Government." In Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equality and Respect for Difference, edited by Michael Asch, 155--76. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997.
Corbiere, Alan Ojiig. "Anishinaabe Treaty-Making in the 18th- and 19th-Century Northern Great Lakes: From Shared Meanings to Epistemological Chasms." Department of History, Ph.D., York University, 2019.
"'Wampum, Kin, Alliance: Situating Tecumseh within the Western Confederacy." In Bonne Devine: The Tecumseh Papers, edited by Bonnie Devine, Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, and Mitra Srimoyee, 20--41. Windsor: Art Gallery of Windsor, 2013.
Coyle, Michael. "As Long as the Sun Shines: Recognizing That Treaties Were Intended to Last." In The Right Relationship: Reimagining the Implementation of Historical Treaties, edited by John Borrows and Michael Coyle, 39--69. Toronto ; Buffalo ; London: University of Toronto Press, 2017.
Demers, E.A.S. "Native-American Slavery and Territoriality in the Colonial Upper Great Lakes Region." Michigan Historical Review 28, no. 2 (2002): 163--72.
Dixon, David. Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne. An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Boston: Beacon Press, 2014.
Elbourne, Elizabeth. "The Sin of the Settler: The 1835-36 Select Committee on Aborigines and Debates over Virtue and Conquest in the Early Nineteenth-Century British White Settler Empire." Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 4, no. 3 (2003): n/a. https://doi.org/doi:10.1353/cch.2004.0003.
Federici, Silvia. Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Autonomedia AK Press, 2004.
Greer, Allan. Property and Dispossession: Natives, Empires and Land in Early Modern North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Haan, Richard. "The Problem of Iroquois Neutrality: Suggestions for Revision." Ethnohistory 27, no. 4 (1980): 317--30.
Harris, R. Cole. Historical Atlas of Canada: Volume I: From the Beginning to 1800. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.
Horne, Gerald. The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in 17th Century North America and the Caribbean. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2018.
Howard, Heather A. "Dreamcatchers in the City: An Ethnohistory of Social Action, Gender and Class in Native Community Production in Toronto." Department of Anthropology, Ph.D, University of Toronto, 2005.
Jacobs, Dean M., and Victor P. Lytwin. "Naagan Ge Bezhig Emkwaan: A Dish with One Spoon Reconsidered." Ontario History 112, no. 2 (2020): 191--210.
Johnson, Leo A. "The Mississauga-Lake Ontario Land Surrender of 1805." Ontario History 83, no. 3 (1990): 234--53.
King, Cecil. Balancing Two Worlds: Jean-Baptiste Assiginack and the Odawa Nation 1768-1866. Saskatoon: Cecil King, 2013.
Kulchyski, Peter. "A Considerable Unrest: F.O. Loft and the League of Indians." Native Studies Review 4, no. 1 & 2 (1998): 95--117.
Labelle, Kathryn Magee. Dispersed but Not Destroyed: A History of the Seventeenth-Century Wendat People. Vancouver & Toronto: University of British Columbia Press, 2014.
Lytwin, Victor P. "A Dish with One Spoon: The Shared Hunting Grounds Agreement in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley Region." In Papers of the Twenty-Eighth Algonquian Conference, edited by David H. Pentland, 210--27. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1997.
Middleton, Richard. Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course, and Consequences. New York & London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2007.
Miller, J. R. Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009.
Shungwauk's Vision: A History of Native Residential Schools. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.
Mississaugas of the New Credit. Toronto Purchase Specific Claim: Arriving at an Agreement. Hagersville: Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation, 2001.
Morito, Bruce. An Ethic of Mutual Respect: The Covenant Chain and Aboriginal-Crown Relations. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2012.
Nicks, Trudy. "Dr. Oronhyatekha's History Lessons: Reading Museum Collections as Texts." In Reading Beyond Words: Contexts for Native History, 2nd ed., 459--89. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2003 [1996].
Plummer, Kevin. "Historicist: The Murder of Wabakinine." Torontoist, May 30, 2015. https://torontoist.com/2015/05/historicist-the-murder-of-wabakinine.
Radforth, Ian W. "Performance, Politics, and Representation: Aboriginal People and the 1860 Royal Tour of Canada." Canadian Historical Review 84, no. 1 (2001): 1--32.
Royal Spectacle: The 1860 Visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada and the United States. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.
Reid, Jennifer. "The Doctrine of Discovery and Canadian Law." Canadian Journal of Native Studies 30, no. 2 (2010): 335--59.
Reimer, Gwen. "British-Canada's Land Purchases, 1783-1788: A Strategic Perspective." Ontario History 111, no. 1 (2019): 36--72. https://doi.org/10.7202/1059965ar.
Richter, Daniel K. The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization. Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute and University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
Riley, John L. The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: An Ecological History. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2014.
Robinson, Percy J. Toronto During the French Régime: A History of the Toronto Region from Brûlé to Simcoe, 1615-1793. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965.
Rogers, Greg. "Petite Politique: The British, French, Iroquois, and Everyday Power in the Lake Ontario Borderlands, 1724-1760." Department of History, Ph.D., University of Maine, 2016.
Rushforth, Brett. "'A Little Flesh We Offer You': The Origins of Indian Slavery in New France." William & Mary Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2003): 777--808.
Sanderson, Frances, and Heather Howard-Bobiwash, eds. The Meeting Place: Aboriginal Life in Toronto. Toronto: Native Canadian Centre of Toronto, 1997.
Schmalz, Peter S. The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.
"The Role of the Ojibwa in the Conquest of Southern Ontario, 1650-1701." Ontario History 76, no. 4 (1983): 326--52.
Sherwin, Allan. Bridging Two Peoples: Chief Peter E. Jones, 1843-1909. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2012.
Shields, Norman. "The Grand General Indian Council of Ontario and Indian Status Legislation." In Lines Drawn upon the Water: First Nations and the Great Lakes Borders and Borderlands, edited by Karl S. Hele, 205--18. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2008.
Sioui, Georges E. Huron-Wendat: The Heritage of the Circle. Translated by Jane Brierley. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2000.
Smith, Donald B. Sacred Feathers: The Reverend Peter Jones (Kahkewaquonaby) and the Mississauga Indians. 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013 [1987].
"The Dispossession of the Mississauga Indians: A Missing Chapter in the Early History of Upper Canada." Ontario History 73, no. 2 (1981): 67--87.
Stark, Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik. "Changing the Treaty Question: Remedying the Right(s) Relationship." In The Right Relationship: Reimagining the Implementation of Historical Treaties, 248--76. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press, 2017.
Surtees, Robert. "Land Surrenders, 1763-1830." In Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations, edited by Edward S. Rogers and Donald B. Smith, 92--121. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994.
"Treaty Research Report: The Williams Treaties." Treaty and Historical Research Centre: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1986.
Swamp, Jake. "Haudenosaunee Thanksgiving Address: Greetings to the Natural World." Translated by Jon Stokes and David Benedict. Six Nations Indian Museum and the Tracking Project, 1993. https://americanindian.si.edu/environment/pdf/01_02_Thanksgiving_Address.pdf.
Taylor, Alan. American Colonies: The Settlement of North America. The Penguin History of the United States, Volume 1. New York: Penguin Books, 2001.
The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution. NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.
Tesdahl, Eugene Richard Henry. "Bonds of Money, Bonds of Matrimony?: French and Native Intermarriage in 17th and 18th Century Nouvelle France and Senegal." Department of History, MA., Miami University, 2003.
Tidridge, Nathan. The Queen at the Council Fire: The Treaty of Niagara, Reconciliation, and the Dignified Crown in Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2015.
Tiro, Karim M. "A Sorry Tale: Natives, Settlers, and the Salmon of Lake Ontario, 1780-1900." The Historical Journal 59, no. 4 (2016): 1018.
Titley, Brian E. A Narrow Vision: Duncan Campbell Scott and the Administration of Indian Affairs in Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1986.
Tobias, John L. "Protection, Civilization, Assimilation: An Outline History of Canada's Indian Policy." In As Long as the Sun Shines and Water Flows: A Reader in Canadian Native Studies, edited by Ian A.L. Getty and Antoine Lussier, 13--30. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1983.
Trigger, Bruce G. The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660. Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1976.
Walters, Mark D. "Brightening the Covenant Chain: Aboriginal and Treaty Meanings in History after Marshall." Dalhousie Law Journal 24, no. 2 (2001): 75--138.
"The Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the Constitution of Canada." In LCAC Creating Canada Symposium, 1--9. Gatineau: Land Claims Agreements Coalition, 2013.
"Rights and Remedies within Common Law and Indigenous Legal Traditions: Can the Covenant Chain Be Judicially Enforced Today?" In The Right Relationship: Reimagining the Implementation of Historical Treaties, edited by John Borrows and Michael Coyle, 187--207. Toronto ; Buffalo ; London: University of Toronto Press, 2017.
White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010 [1991].
Williams, Doug. Michi Saagiig Nishnaabeg: This Is Our Territory. Edited by Leanne Betasamosake Simpson. Winnipeg: ARP Books, 2018.
Williamson, Ronald F. "The Archaeological History of the Wendat to A.D. 1651: An Overview." Ontario Archeology, no. 94 (2014): 3--64.
Williams, Paul. "The Chain." Faculty of Law, MA, York University, 1992.
Wolfe, Patrick. "Land, Labor, and Difference: Elementary Structures of Race." The American Historical Review 106, no. 3 (2001): 866--905.
Wood, Ellen Meiksins. The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. London; New York: Verso, 2002.
Historical References
WHAT IS A TREATY?
“Once the Five Nations agreed to unite”: Joyce Tekahnawiiaks King, “The Value of Water and the Meaning of Water Law for the Native Americans Known as the Haudenosaunee,” Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 16, no. 3 (2007): 456.
“At the Narrows our fathers placed a dish”: “Chief Yellowhead Speech at General Council, 22 January 1840,” RG10-A-6-i, vol. 1011, Paudash Papers, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa.
THE TWO ROW WAMPUM
“Now we have laid our vessels out”: Haudenosaunee oral tradition as conveyed by Rick Hill, email communication to Martha Stiegman, December 1, 2021. Content on the Two Row Wampum provided by Rick Hill.
THE COVENANT CHAIN, 1667
“Above one hundred years ago the Dutch”: “Proceedings of Council at Lancaster, 24 June 1744,” in Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, from the Organization to the Termination of the Proprietary Government: The Making of Modern Law – Primary Sources, 1620–1926, vol. 4 (Harrisburg: Theo. Fenn and Co, 1851), 707.
“It is now almost 100 years since”: “The Honorable William Johnson’s Second Speech to the Sachems and Warriors of the Confederate Nations, 24 June 1755,” in O’Callaghan, Documents Relative to the Colonial History, 970, 972.
THE FIRST TREATY IS WITH THE LAND
“Once the Five Nations agreed to unite”: Joyce Tekahnawiiaks King, “The Value of Water and the Meaning of Water Law for the Native Americans Known as the Haudenosaunee,” Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 16, no. 3 (2007): 456.
“At the Narrows our fathers placed a dish”: “Chief Yellowhead Speech at General Council, 22 January 1840,” RG10-A-6-i, vol. 1011, Paudash Papers, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa.
PEACE BETWEEN NATIONS
“The Dish with One Spoon... is probably”: Doug Williams, quoted in Melissa Dokis and Anne Taylor, dirs., interpreted by the People of Curve Lake First Nation, Inaakonigewin Andaadad Aki: Michi Saagiig Treaties – Defining Relationships between Peoples (Curve Lake: Curve Lake First Nation, 2017), 4:13.
“I think we did invite them...”: Rick Hill, “Bringing Treaties to Life: What Does It Mean to Be a Treaty Person When You Do Land-Based Work?” (panel presentation, Toronto Urban Growers, Greenest City, and Ryerson University’s Centre for Studies in Food Security, online, November 17, 2020), 1:08:50.
“That the Great Spirit has brought us”: Jones, History of the Ojebway Indians, 117–18.
“The Onondaga chief, John Buck”: Ibid., 118–19.
“Yellowhead stated that this Belt”: “Minutes of a General Council held at the River Credit, 16 January 1840,” RG 10, vol. 1011, Part B: 60–92, Paudash Papers, LAC.
“[ Johnson] then explained the emblems”: Jones, History of the Ojebway Indians, 121–22.
THE TREATY OF NIAGARA: THE ROYAL PROCLAMATION & PONTIAC’S WAR
“Englishman, although you have conquered”: Alexander Henry, Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories between the Years 1760 and 1776: In Two Parts (New York: I Riley, 1809), 44–45.
“If you suffer the English among you”: “Journal of James Kenny, 1761–1763,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 37, no. 1 (1913): 171.
“It is important for us”: Robert Navarre, Journal of Pontiac’s Conspiracy, 1763, ed. Mary Agnes Burton, trans. Richard Clyde Ford (Detroit: Society of Colonial Wars, [1912]), 38.
“The Six Nations look on themselves”: “Croghan Journal: 25 July, 1761,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 71, no. 4 (1947): 409–10.
“that the Indians may be convinced”: By the King, a Proclamation: Whereas We Have Taken into Our Royal Consideration the Extensive and Valuable Acquisitions in America, Secured to Our Crown by the Late Definitive Treaty of Peace, Concluded at Paris the Tenth Day of February Last (London: King’s Printer, 1763),
https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1370355181092/1607905122267#a6.
“And whereas it is just and reasonable”: Ibid.
THE 1764 TREATY OF NIAGARA
“At this treaty... we should tie them down”: “To Thomas Gage, 19 February 1764,” in The Papers of Sir William Johnson, vol. 4, ed. Alexander C. Flick (Albany: University of the State of New York, 1925), 330–31.
“With regard to trade I think nothing”: “To Cadwallader Colden, 9 June 1764,” in ibid., 443.
“Whenever it may happen that a peace”: “To Thomas Gage, 12 January 1764,” in ibid., 296.
“My friends and brothers, I am come”: Henry, Travels and Adventures in Canada, 165–66.
“At Fort Niagara, he had seen no great”: Ibid., 170–71.
“Sir William J will fill their canoes with presents”: Ibid., 171.
“But as for those nations who have obstinately”: “At a Convention of the Chiefs and Warriors of the Six Nations & Western Nations at Niagara, 8 July 1764,” MG 19 – F35, Series 1, Lot 619: 1–2, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Library and Archives Canada (LAC), Ottawa.
“Our families are in much distress”: “At a Congress with the Ottawas at Niagara, 29 July 1764,” in The Papers of Sir William Johnson, vol. 11, ed. Milton W. Hamilton (Albany: University of the State of New York, 1921), 284.
“My children, I clothe your land”: Petition from J.B. Assikinawk, October 10, 1851, RG 10, vol. 613: 440–43, Indian Affairs Superintendency Records, Northern (Manitowaning), Superintendence Correspondence (Manitoulin Island), 1851–55, LAC.
THE TORONTO PURCHASE OF 1787
“I... desired Mr Lines, the Interpreter”: “Alexander Aitken, Surveyor, Govt of Quebec, to John Collins, Deputy Surveyor General, Govt of Quebec, Sept 15, 1788,” in Percy J. Robinson, Toronto during the French Regime, 2nd ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965), 166–68.
“the lower end of the Beach”: Ibid., 166.
“west end of the Highlands”: Ibid., 167.
“Mr Lines settled with”: Ibid., 166.
“prevailed upon to give up”: Ibid., 167.
“They did not look upon a straight line”: Ibid., 167.
“List of Gifts Given to the Mississaugas”: “Memorandum of Bales and Boxes Brought from Cataraque Brought by Mr. Lines to Toronto and Delivered to Colonel Butler,” ibid., 251.
“A plan... has been found in the Survey’r”: “Lord Dorchester to Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe, 27 January 1794,” in The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe: With Allied Documents Relating to His Administration of the Government of Upper Canada, vol. 2, ed. Ernest A. Cruikshank (Toronto: Toronto Society, 1924), 138.
“Poor Wabikanyn (the Missassague Chief )”: “From Peter Russell to J.G. Simcoe, 28 September 1796,” in The Correspondence of the Honourable Peter Russell: With Allied Documents Relating to His Administration of the Government of Upper Canada during the Official Term of Lieut.-Governor J.G. Simcoe, While on Leave of Absence, vol. 1, eds. Ernest A. Cruikshank and Andrew F. Hunter (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1932), 49–50.
“Children, I have been told that Colonel Johnson”: “Minutes of a Council with the Missassagas, 26 September 1796,” ibid., 45.
“a Chief named Nim-qua-sim”: “From Peter Russell to Robert Prescott, 18 April 1797,” ibid., 165.
“fomenting the jealousy which subsists”: “From the Duke of Portland to Peter Russell, 11 September 1797,” ibid., 277–78.
“I must... impress you with the necessity”: “From the Duke of Portland to Peter Russell, 4 November 1797,” in The Correspondence of the Honourable Peter Russell, vol. 2, ed. Ernest A. Cruikshank (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1935), 3.
“We were exceedingly alarmed on reading”: “From Peter Russell to Robert Prescott, 21 January 1798,” ibid., 68–69.
THE TORONTO PURCHASE CONFIRMATION, 1805
“Father, Our Brother Capt. Brant sent us”: “From Peter Russell to Robert Prescott, 15 June 1798,” ibid., 187–88.
“I do not think it reasonable that the land”: Enclosed in “From Peter Russell to Robert Prescott, 9 August 1798,” in The Correspondence of the Honourable Peter Russell, vol. 2, ed. Ernest A. Cruikshank (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1935): 233.
“I doubt not but in due time an opportunity”: “From the Duke of Portland to Peter Russell,” ibid., 300.
“All the Chiefs who sold the Land”: “Proceedings of a Meeting with the Mississagues at the River Credit, 31 July 1805,” RG 10: 290, Lieutenant-Governor’s Correspondence, vol. 1, Library and Archives Canada (LAC), Ottawa.
“I hope you will open your ears”: “Minutes of a Meeting with the Mississaugas, 1 August 1805, ” RG 10: 294–96, ibid.
“he had shewn the Council their erroneous”: John Mills Jackson, A View of the Political Situation of the Province of Upper Canada (London: Pamphlet Printed for W. Earle, 1809), 17.
THE 2010 TORONTO PURCHASE SPECIFIC CLAIM
“Why are we having to prove that we”: Garry Sault, interview by Talking Treaties & First Story Toronto, 2015, 43:11.
“We got a $142 million for Toronto”: Carolyn King, interview by Talking Treaties & First Story Toronto, 2015, 37:57.
“We go through five prime ministers”: Darin Wybenga, interview by Talking Treaties & First Story Toronto, 2015, 19:12.
